| Medical |
| metal |
toxic silver or zinc-coated surface |
Dror et al. [122] |
| hydroxyapatite |
toxic coating for osteosynthesis applications |
Montali [61] |
| antiseptic |
toxic coating with chlorhexidine and/or chloroxylenol |
Montali [61] |
| antibodies |
toxic coating with antibiotics |
Montali [61] |
| PEG |
SAMS hydrophilic surface deters protein adsorption and adhesion |
Emmenegger et al. [123] |
| oligoethylene glycol |
SAMS hydrophilic surface deters fibrinogen adsorption |
Emmenegger et al. [123] |
| zwitterionic polymers |
hydrophilic surface deters protein adsorption and reduces bioadhesion |
Emmenegger et al. [123] |
| fluoropolymer and fluorosilane |
films increase biocompatibility for implantable devices to reduce protein adsorption |
Lee et al. [100] |
| Aquatic/industrial |
| metal coating |
toxic copper or silver-coated surfaces |
Railkin [12]; Zodrow et al. [124] |
| silicone elastomer |
low surface energy promotes low bioadhesion |
Callow & Callow [70] |
| self-polishing copolymer |
self-polishing paint with copper, tin, zinc or biocides released during vessel movement |
Abarzua et al. [125] |
| hydrogels |
hydrophilic surface confuses settlers |
Lewis [126] |
| biological |
deterrents include bacteria, algae and invertebrates |
Abarzua et al. [125] |
| enzymes |
lowers bioadhesion and lyses bacteria |
Olsen et al. [127] |
| hormones |
promotes premature metamorphosis of larva |
Fischer et al. [128] |
| short fibres |
fibres or spikes confuse settlers |
Lewis [126] |
| conductive paint |
electrochemical disinfection process |
Matsunaga et al. [129] |
| organo-metallic |
toxic flexible metal surface |
Willemsen [101] |
| plastic film |
disposable film removed with attached biofouling |
Fischer et al. [128] |
| photoactive film |
self-cleaning film uses UV or visible radiation |
Banerjee et al. [40] |
| cayenne pepper |
deterrent pepper with silicone grease |
Manov et al. [130] |